退化河流滨岸带生态系统的修复及评价研究进展

退化河流滨岸带生态系统修复及其评价是目前国内外学者研究的热点,也是修复生态学、流域生态学等学科研究的重要内容之一。河流滨岸带生态修复工作的开展必须建立在掌握滨岸带结构及其生态功能的基础上。河流滨岸带生态系统退化成因和驱动机制研究是进行滨岸带生态修复工作的前提;生态系统修复是滨岸带研究的重点和关键,必须遵循自然法则,以修复生态功能为最终目标;河流滨岸带生态系统的修复过程和效果应该建立适宜的评价方法和管理策略来确定。加强河流滨岸带退化机制的理论研究及3S技术的应用,从景观和流域尺度开展滨岸带生态修复的研究和实践工作,着重进行平原河网地区河流滨岸带生态修复的研究和实践工作等将是中国今后相关研究的重点。     

Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area

Abstract: The links between species–environment relations and species’ responses to protection are unclear, but the objectives of marine protected areas (MPAs) are most likely to be achieved when those relations are known and inform MPA design. The components of a species’ habitat vary with the spatial resolution of the area considered. We characterized areas at two resolutions: 250 m² (transect) and approximately 30,000 m² (seascape). We considered three categories of environmental variables: substrate type, bottom complexity, and depth. We sought to determine at which resolution habitat characteristics were a better predictor of abundance and species composition of fishes and whether the relations with environmental variables at either resolution affected species’ responses to protection. Habitat features accounted for a larger proportion of spatial variation in species composition and abundances than differences in protection status. This spatial variation was explained best by habitat characteristics at the seascape level than at the transect level. Species’ responses to protected areas were specific to particular seascape characteristics, primarily depth, and bottom complexity. Our method may be useful for prioritizing marine areas for protection, designing MPAs, and monitoring their effectiveness. It identified areas that provided natural shelter, areas acting as buffer zones, and areas where fish species were most responsive to protection. The identification of such areas is necessary for cost‐effective establishment and monitoring of MPAs.     

基于地貌指数的汶川地震灾区单沟泥石流总量计算方法

现行的泥石流总量计算方法普遍存在计算参数较难获取或难以精确获取的问题,加上汶川地震灾区沟谷内分布大量的由崩塌、滑坡体等形成的固体松散物质；所以多数泥石流总量计算公式在汶川震区存在局限性.参考适用于以崩塌、滑坡体为主要物源的泥石流总量计算公式；分析研究区范围内地形地貌发育状态与降雨因素及其地质条件之间的影响关系；将地貌指数(Strahler积分)应用于泥石流总量计算,尝试解决缺乏降雨数据情况下泥石流总量计算问题.根据“8.13”四川清平群发性泥石流数据初步回归分析得到适合于汶川震区的泥石流总量计算模型.     

Mapping Biological Resources in the Coastal Zone: An Evaluation of Methods in a Pioneering Study from Norway

For many years, the planning and management of terrestrial areas has been supported by a detailed knowledge of the distribution of habitats and their associated species. However, the detailed mapping of biological resources in extent coastal areas, such as the Norwegian coastal zone, is unrealistic due to its enormous coastline. Here, we present a useful and feasible approach and a set of simple, cost-effective methods which are suitable for providing a broad-scale overview of marine habitats and fish resources. This approach was developed in conjunction with a pioneer study conducted along the southern coast of the Skagerrak, where we combined knowledge gathered from local fishermen with scientific knowledge of important species and nature types to establish a coastal sea mapping program. GIS modeling tools were used in both the mapping program and to integrate local and scientific knowledge into digital maps made available to local area management. This multi-faceted approach, which combines local knowledge and scientific methods, provides valuable information with respect to marine biodiversity, and has been used extensively by local environmental management.     

某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染调查与评价

为了解湘南某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染状况，对该矿区东河流域附近重金属污染源进行了调查，同时，对地下水和土壤样品进行了采样分析，结果表明：（1）该矿区东河流域附近的主要污染源有18个，其中有色金属选厂、尾矿库、采矿场和冶炼厂是排放重金属较多的污染源；（2）20个采样点中土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg大部分超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995），综合污染指数P综〉1，该矿区主要的重金属污染元素为Cd、As和Hg，且土壤中Cd、Zn和As的含量两两之间存在着极显著的正线性相关关系；（3）重金属元素在土壤中的纵向迁移不明显，该矿区附近20个采样点的地下水并未受到污染，综合污染指数P综〈1。20个采样点地下水Pb、Cd、Zn、As、Hg浓度均能达到地下水质量标准（GB／T14848．9）中的Ⅲ类标准。     

实例分析卫生防护距离和大气环境防护距离设置条件

卫生防护距离、大气环境防护距离,其定义相近、设定途径相似,但两者又有不同。故在环境影响评价大气环境预测分析时对大气环境防护距离、卫生防护距离的概念极易混淆。本文以某县殡仪馆建设项目为例,详细分析建设项目设置防护距离的设置条件,帮助环评工作者理解防护距离设置原则,防止出现"在环境保护法规和导则要求下盲目划定、划大防护距离"的技术错误。     

生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油

对4种生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油的效果进行了研究,并探讨了菜籽生物柴油投加量和砂粒粒径对促进效果的影响。结果表明,菜籽生物柴油的促进效果最好,8 h释放量达到73%,废油脂生物柴油的效果最差,仅为52%;生物柴油的促进效果随着投加量的增大而升高,当投加量超过海水体积的5%时促进效果不再明显增加;在生物柴油作用下,小粒径砂粒上原油的释放效果优于大粒径砂粒。     

昌吉市高新技术产业开发区循环经济模式探索及研究

传统开发区内,资源的流动是一些相互不发生关系的线性物质流的叠加,出入系统的物质流远远大于内部交互的物质流,因而造成经济活动的＂高开采、低利用、高排放＂特征,即＂大量生产、大量消费和大量废弃＂[1]。而发展循环经济,是我国贯彻落实科学发展观、建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的重大战略选择[。2]目前新型开发区产业发展,则要求按照循环经济的理念,积极探索发展循环经济之路。本文以昌吉市高新技术产业开发区为例,研究其循环经济模式,为其他开发区设计和发展提供有益的经验和建议。     

干旱区土壤小麦根系界面Cd行为的环境影响研究——以甘肃省白银市区耕作灰钙土为例

通过大田环境-土壤-作物系统Cd行为的环境影响研究，初步发现，共存元素Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn对Cd元素在土壤-作物根系界面行为的影响表现为正效应，其影响顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni；pH值、粘粒、粗粉粒含量与根系Cd含量呈负相关；磷和砂粒含量与根系Cd含量呈正相关；细粉粒、粗粘粒、有机质和CEC     

宿迁经济开发区环保工作面临的挑战与对策

文中总结宿迁经济开发区环保工作现状,分析未来宿迁经济开发区面临:水环境质量未能根本好转、生活污染物排放量上升并成为主要污染问题、环境基础设施建设滞后于社会经济发展、工业企业污染存在反弹趋势、农村环境问题亟需关注、客水污染问题仍然存在等挑战,并提出了应对这些挑战的对策。